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useEffect

useEffect runs code after the component has rendered. Use it for things outside React, such as timers, subscriptions, or changing the page title. The second argument is a list of dependencies: the effect re-runs only when one of them changes.

Examplereact
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setSeconds((s) => s + 1) uses the latest value. The returned function is cleanup: without it the timer would keep running after the component is removed.

Quick check

What does an empty dependency array `[]` mean?

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